Kay, Kian Hee (2015) Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
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Abstract
Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. The cost of feedstock in the form of neat vegetable oils is significantly 70-95% of the total cost of the biodiesel production. Low quality oil is potential low cost feedstock to be used in biodiesel production. However, it contains high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and water contain. The conventional technology is not suitable to adopt basic homogeneous catalyst due to saponication between basic catalyst and the FFA. In order to efficiently utilize these low cost feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis, development a new class of high efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, which has, high FFA and water-tolerance that could show promising performances of transesterification is necessary. FFA and water adsorption characteristics of both zeolites were investigated according to batch method under varying conditions, namely different shaking time, initial concentration and solid – solution ratio. The concentration of FFA (as Total Acid Number) and water in all samples was determined according to the EN14104 and EN14101 standard method respectively. Percent FFA and water adsorption by both natural zeolite and NaOCH3-Zeolite increases with shaking time (attaining equilibrium after 60 min) and solid – solution ratio. The FFA adsorption conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9894 and R2 = 0.9989) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.9972 and R2 = 0.9979) whereas the water adsorption by both zeolites conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9801 and R2 = 0.9740) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9953 and R2 = 0.9957). For the biodiesel transesterifiation, the effects of various factors consist of the reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and catalyst reusability were investigated. The experimental treatments of a 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 5wt% NaOCH3-zeolite catalyst, 70oC reaction temperature and 5 cycles reusability using low quality crude jatropha oil resulted in optimum yield in which the biodiesel content reached 97.4wt% at 6 h without soap formation. This biodiesel was characterized for its physical and chemical properties as ASTM or EN-compliant biodiesel. Performance (BSFC, BTE and EGT) and emission characteristics (smoke density) of this biodiesel with diesel fuel were examined and compared in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel was higher than diesel fuel with 13.12% and 0.41% for mean value, respectively. A comparison of exhaust emissions showed that smoke density of biodiesel is lower than those of diesel fuel by 44.4%. Fast check analysis method with special measuring device and chemical solvent mixture were developed to provide on-site analysis check for biodiesel quality monitoring. Biodiesel Test Kit have shown comparable result with ASTM D7371 with correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for biodiesel-diesel blends B5, B10 and B20 of Palm, Jatropha and Soybean based biodiesel. Triglycerides Test Kit have shown good correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for triglycerides 3, 4 and 5%(v/v). The developed methods are providing fast, simple and affordable on-site fast check analysis in measuring FAME content in diesel & triglycerides content in final FAME product economically especially in rural area.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Keyword: | Biodiesel, Renewable diesel fuel, Biodiesel production |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1-1185 Chemical technology > TP315-360 Fuel |
| Department: | FACULTY > Faculty of Science and Natural Resources |
| Depositing User: | DG MASNIAH AHMAD - |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Aug 2024 10:22 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Aug 2024 10:22 |
| URI: | https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415 |
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