Ooi, Hui Khim and Koh, Xin Ning and Ong, Hwai Chyuan and Lee, Hwei Voon and Mohd Sufri Mastuli and Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin and Fahad A. Alharthi and Abdulaziz Ali Alghamdi and Nurul Asikin Mijan (2021) Progress on modified calcium oxide derived waste-shell catalysts for biodiesel production. Catalysts, 11. pp. 1-26.
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Abstract
The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at an economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types of natural waste shell are a potential calcium resource for generation of bio-based CaO, with comparable chemical characteristics, that greatly enhance the transesterification activity. However, CaO catalyzed transesterification is limited in its stability and studies have shown deterioration of catalytic reactivity when the catalyst is reused for several cycles. For this reason, different approaches are reviewed in the present study, which focuses on modification of waste-shell derived CaO based catalyst with the aim of better transesterification reactivity and high reusability of the catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst stability and leaching profile of the modified waste shell derived CaO is discussed. In addition, a critical discussion of the structure, composition of the waste shell, mechanism of CaO catalyzed reaction, recent progress in biodiesel reactor systems and challenges in the industrial sector are also included in this review.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Keyword: | Biodiesel, Transesterification, Waste-shell, Heterogenous catalyst, Green catalyst, Alternative fuel |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1-1185 Chemical technology > TP315-360 Fuel T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1-1185 Chemical technology > TP670-699 Oils, fats, and waxes |
| Department: | FACULTY > Faculty of Science and Natural Resources |
| Depositing User: | SITI AZIZAH BINTI IDRIS - |
| Date Deposited: | 31 Dec 2024 09:18 |
| Last Modified: | 31 Dec 2024 09:18 |
| URI: | https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/42452 |
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