PLS-SEM approach: Validity and reliability of a questionnaire on context, input, process and acceptance of stem implementation in Malaysia

Mohammad Azri Amatan and Crispina Gregory K. Han and Vincent Pang (2025) PLS-SEM approach: Validity and reliability of a questionnaire on context, input, process and acceptance of stem implementation in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education, 7 (2). pp. 231-241. ISSN 2685-0591

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Abstract

This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the context, input, process, and acceptance of STEM implementation questionnaires for secondary school teachers in Malaysia. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SMARTPLS 3.2.3 software was used to do the analysis. The study involved 825 secondary school teachers using stratified random sampling. Based on composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha values, the Reflective Measurement Model showed that there was internal consistency reliability. Convergent validity was also achieved through outer loading analysis and average variance extracted (AVE). It also met the criteria for discriminant validity based on the Fornell-Larcker Criterion, Cross Loading, and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT). The findings of this study demonstrate that this questionnaire is valid and reliable for assessing STEM implementation among secondary school teachers in Malaysia. These results have a significant impact on educators and policymakers when they evaluate and enhance STEM programmes. Further studies are necessary to examine the predictive validity of this instrument in various educational contexts and to assess its capability to monitor changes in STEM implementation over time.

Item Type:	Article
Keyword:	Reliability, STEM education, questionnaire, validity
Subjects:	L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB5-3640 Theory and practice of education > LB2801-3095 School administration and organization > LB3011-3095 School management and discipline > LB3050-3060.87 Educational tests, measurements, evaluations and examinations
Department:	FACULTY > Faculty of Education and Sport Studies
Depositing User:	DG MASNIAH AHMAD -
Date Deposited:	21 Oct 2025 14:58
Last Modified:	21 Oct 2025 14:58
URI:	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/45501

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