Multi-hop and mesh for LoRa networks: Recent advancements, issues, and recommended applications

Andrew Wei-loong Wong and Say leng goh and Mohammad Kamrul Hasan and Salmah Fattah (2024) Multi-hop and mesh for LoRa networks: Recent advancements, issues, and recommended applications. ACM Computing Surveys, 56 (136). 1 -43. ISSN 0360-0300

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Abstract

A comprehensive review is presented on the latest approaches to solutions focusing on multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks through the evaluation of simulations and real-world experiments, based on papers published between 2015 and 2023. The approaches are systematically classified into four (4) aspects: energy awareness, concurrent access and duty cycle regulations, routing protocols, and security. The first aspect encompasses parameter selection, distance, and clustering. The second aspect focuses on network segregation and time synchronization. The third aspect covers proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols. The aspect of security includes privacy and Denial-of-Service (DoS). Findings show a consensus that multi-hop networks and adherence to radio duty cycle are able to lower average power consumption. Concurrent access method can improve network performance, but more research is needed due to different conclusions. Reactive protocols have a slight advantage over proactive protocols in terms of node deployment scalability and lower power consumption due to less frequent routing table updates. Hybrid protocols are only beneficial in specific topology deployments. Security is still a major concern for LoRa networks, particularly on attacks such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), spoofing, wormholes, flooding, packet replay, and information disclosure. The upcoming trend of implementing machine learning algorithms to multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks opens up a wide range of possibilities, ranging from airspace efficiency, efficient route selection, and improving data throughput. A detailed discussion of the aspects’ issues and recommended industry applications that will benefit from multi-hop and mesh LoRa networks are also provided.

Item Type:	Article
Keyword:	Lora, LoRa wan, Multi-hop, Energy Consumption, Duty Cycle, Routing, Security Authors
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1-9971 Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering > TK5101-6720 Telecommunication Including telegraphy, telephone, radio, radar, television T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering > TK1-9971 Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering > TK7800-8360 Electronics
Department:	FACULTY > Faculty of Computing and Informatics
Depositing User:	JUNAINE JASNI -
Date Deposited:	13 Aug 2025 13:32
Last Modified:	13 Aug 2025 13:32
URI:	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/44907

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