Comparative study of ultrasound‑assisted ZnCl2, LiBr, and choline chloride/lactic acid pretreatments for cellulose extraction from sea mango (Cerbera odollam) fibre waste, followed by ball milling: Yield and physicochemical analysis

Hamid‑Reza Alizadeh and Jibrail Kansedo and Inn, Shi Tan and Yie, Hua Tan and Emma Suali and Ali Dini (2025) Comparative study of ultrasound‑assisted ZnCl2, LiBr, and choline chloride/lactic acid pretreatments for cellulose extraction from sea mango (Cerbera odollam) fibre waste, followed by ball milling: Yield and physicochemical analysis. Cellulose, 32. pp. 7083-7112. ISSN 0969-0239

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Abstract

The scientific community is increasingly focused on developing bio-based materials to substitute non-renewable and petroleum-derived resources that pose environmental risks. This study explores the use of non-edible sea mango (Cerbera odollam) fibre waste as a source for cellulose and lignin extraction. Three types of ultrasound-assisted solvent systems were investigated, including zinc chloride, lithium bromide, and a deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and lactic acid, followed by either dry or wet post-ball milling. Extracted lignin using an alkaline process was used to determine optimal solvent concentration and temperature for effective lignin dissolution. The most efficient conditions for lignin dissolution were found to be 40 wt% zinc chloride at 65 °C, 50 wt% lithium bromide at 80 °C, and a 1:10 molar ratio of choline chloride to lactic acid at 80 °C. Under optimized conditions developed by response surface methodology, the maximum cellulose yield obtained was 87.23%, with lignin and hemicellulose contents reduced to 4.10% and 3.95%, respectively, using the choline chloride/lactic acid solvent. The integration of wet post-ball milling further enhanced the cellulose content to 93.80%, representing a 3.04% improvement over dry milling. Successful cellulose extraction was confirmed through characterization, including functional groups, crystallinity index, morphological structure, and thermal stability analyses. Key findings included the detection of hydroxy, alkyl, and ether functional groups, an increase in crystallinity from 57.54 to 77.77%, and smoother fiber morphology comparable to commercial cellulose. These results highlight the potential of sea mango fibre waste as a viable and sustainable source of cellulose using environmentally friendly pretreatment.

Item Type:	Article
Keyword:	Sea mango fibre waste, Molten salt hydrates, Deep eutectic solvents, Ultrasoundassisted pretreatment, Wet post-ball mill treatment, Response surface methodology
Subjects:	T Technology > TP Chemical technology > TP1-1185 Chemical technology > TP267.5-301 Explosives and pyrotechnics
Department:	FACULTY > Faculty of Engineering
Depositing User:	DG MASNIAH AHMAD -
Date Deposited:	21 Aug 2025 11:14
Last Modified:	21 Aug 2025 11:14
URI:	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/45021

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