Christine Anthonius (2018) Utilization of allzyme ssf and citric acid in the formulation of duckweed-included diets for hybrid grouper, epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus. Masters thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
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Abstract
Hybrid grouper, tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) x giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) (TGGG) has high market values in Asian region. In most commercial fish farms, groupers are fed mainly with fish meal-based diet. However, the expensive cost and uncertain availability of fish meal urged researchers to find alternative ingredients to curb this issues. The present study was conducted to find alternative ingredients and suitable feed additives to partially replace the fish meal protein for the hybrid grouper. In Experiment 1, graded levels of exogenous enzyme, Allzyme® SSF was used as feed additive to evaluate the growth and the suitable level of the enzyme for the fish. Six fish meal-based diets (50% protein, 16% lipid) were formulated with enzyme supplementation at 0 ppm (AO), 50 ppm (A50), 150 ppm (A150), 250 ppm (A250), 350 ppm (A350) and 450 ppm (A450). The feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks. Results showed fish fed with diet A450 achieved the highest body weight gain (BWG), final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) without significant difference with others (P>0.05). Based on the feed utilization, all the fish utilized the feed well without significant differences among the groups. With enzyme supplementation, an increasing trend of protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), trypsin-like, amylase and lipase in the stomach, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein and crude lipid (CL) were observed. Thus, 450 ppm of Allzyme® SSF was selected for the following experiment. In Experiment 2, duckweed, Lemna minor {L) was used to replace 5% of fish meal protein in the diet of TGGG juvenile with 450 ppm of Allzyme® SSF and 3% citric acid supplementation. The experiment was carried out in a 10 weeks feeding trial to evaluate the effects of plant-based diet with feed additives on growth performance of TGGG. Four treatments were formulated as control diet without addition of duckweed and feed additives (CON), L. minor(DL) diet, L. minorwith citric acid {DLC) and L. minor with enzyme (DLA) diets. At the end of experiment, the growth performance of DLC achieved significant higher BWG and SGR compared to CON (P<0.05) but not significantly different with other treatments (P>0.05). The food conversion ratio was not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). However, the PER and NPU was highest in group fed citric acid-supplemented diet compared to other groups (P>0.05). The specific activities of trypsin-like enzyme were significantly higher in DLC and DLA groups compared to DL and CON groups (P<0.05). Highest amylase activities was observed in DLA than CON (P<0.05) while DL, DLC and DLA have significantly higher lipase activities in stomach than CON (P<0.05). The ADC of CP in fish fed DLC and DLA diets were enhanced compared to CON without significant difference (P>0.05). The histology of distal intestines and liver of TGGG showed no adverse effects that affected the performance of TGGG among the treatments. The present study showed that TGGG can utilize diet added with 5% of duckweed protein and the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activities and apparent digestibility were improved with the addition of feed additives such as citric acid and Allzyme® SSF.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Keyword: | Hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus, Duckweed, Fishmeal replacement, Citric acid |
| Subjects: | Q Science > QL Zoology > QL1-991 Zoology > QL605-739.8 Chordates. Vertebrates > QL614-639.8 Fishes |
| Department: | INSTITUTE > Borneo Marine Research Institute |
| Depositing User: | DG MASNIAH AHMAD - |
| Date Deposited: | 03 Jul 2025 10:42 |
| Last Modified: | 03 Jul 2025 10:42 |
| URI: | https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/44287 |
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